ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate nitrate acute toxicity in cultured common snook Centropomus undecimalis juveniles. Fish (20.35±6.10 g and 13.90±1.75 cm) were submitted to a control treatment (without nitrate addition) plus 20 increasing concentrations of nitrate up to 2735 mg L-1 obtained by sodium nitrate. System was semi-static, with 100 % daily water renewed and sodium nitrate addition to maintain the respective concentrations. Water temperature was 20.99±0.55 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.79±0.21 mg L-1, pH 8.23±0.10, alkalinity 141.80±7.68 mg L-1 CaCO3, salinity 33.47±3.75 g L-1, total ammonia and nitrite less than 1 mg L-1. During experimental period (96 h), no mortalities were observed in fish with or without nitrate addition. Compared to other species, the common snook presents higher tolerance to nitrate exposition. Based on the present findings, the acute nitrate exposure up to 2735 mg L-1 does not present lethal risk for common snook juveniles.
RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la toxicidad aguda de nitrato en juveniles cultivados del róbalo común Centropomus undecimalis. Los peces (20,35±6,10 g y 13,90±1,75 cm) se sometieron a un tratamiento control (sin adición de nitrato) además de más de 20 concentraciones crecientes de nitrato hasta 2735 mg L-1 obtenidas con nitrato de sodio. El sistema era semiestático, con 100 % de renovación diaria de agua y adición de nitrato de sodio para mantener las respectivas concentraciones. La temperatura del agua fue 20,99±0,55 °C, oxígeno disuelto 6,79±0,21 mg L-1, pH 8,23±0,10, alcalinidad 141,80±7,68 mg L-1 CaCO3, salinidad 33,47±3,75 g L-1, amoníaco total y nitrito menor que 1 mg L-1. Durante el período experimental, no se observaron mortalidades en peces con o sin adición de nitrato. Comparado con otras especies, el róbalo común es más resistente a exposición de nitrato. Con base en los hallazgos actuales, la exposición aguda a nitrato hasta 2735 mg L-1 no presenta un riesgo letal para los juveniles de róbalo.
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se averiguar o efeito da bactéria Lactobacillus plantarum e células inativas das bactérias Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas salmonicida e Pasteurella multocida na sobrevivência larval de Litoenaeus vannamei, no teste de estresse e infecção experimental com Vibrio harveyi. Foram utilizados tanques cônicos de 30 L, povoados com 400 larvas cada, no estádio de pós-larva cinco. Tratamentos em triplicatas foram consistidos de: 1: ração comercial (controle), 2: ração comercial + bacterina via oral na artemia, 3: ração comercial + bacterina via imersãoe 4: ração comercial com inóculo de Lactobacillus plantarum. A aplicação da bacterina ocorreu seis horas antes da infecção e do teste de estresse; enquanto o Lactobacillus plantarum foi administrado por 15 dias antes dos desafios. As pós-larvas do tratamento 4 (ração suplementada com L. plantarum) obtiveram maior índice de sobrevivência no teste de estresse (87,86 ± 2,35%), seguido dos tratamentos 2 e 3 (bacterina via imersão e oral) com 81,54±1,50% e 80,16 ± 2,15% respectivamente, superiores ao índice do controle (72,63 ± 3,34%).Já no desafio com V. harveyi, os animais do grupo tratado com a adição de bacterina via imersão apresentaram maior sobrevivência(79,60 ± 7,12%). As pós-larvas dos tratamentos com bacterina via oral na artêmia e alimentadas com o probiótico L. plantarum,apresentaram sobrevivências de 65,60 ± 5,18% e 69,60 ± 10,43 %,respectivamente, sendo superiores ao controle (56,4 ± 5,58%), quando desafiados com V. harveyi. Os resultados demonstram que ouso de ração com L. plantarum e bacterina aumentam a sobrevivência das pós-larvas de L. vannamei frente aos testes de estresse e infecções experimentais com V. harveyi.
This study aimed to verify the effect of probiotics and inactivated cells of bacterias such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas salmonicida and Pasteurella multocida in larvae survival of Litopenaeus vannamei, in stress test and experimental infection with Vibrio harveyi. Conic tanks of 30L, were stocked with 400 post-larvae stage five. Four experimental treatments with triplicates consisted of: 1: commercial feed (control),2: commercial feed plus bacterin by oral administration in artemia, 3:commercial feed plus bacterin by immersion administration, 4:commercial feed with Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation. Bacterin application was conducted 6h before the infection and stress test, while probiotic administration was for 15 days before challenges. In stress test, post-larvae of treatment 4 (commercial feed supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum) with reached the highest survival rate(87,86 ± 2,35%) followed by the ones of treatment 3 and 2 (bacterimby immersion and bacterim by oral administration in artemia) with 81,54±1, 50% and 80,16 ± 2,15%, respectively, which were superior to the control treatment (72,63 ± 3,34%). Next to V. harveyi challenge, animals from treatment 3 presented the highest survival rate (79,60 ±7,12%) followed by treatments 4 (69,60 ± 10,43%), 2 (65,60 ± 5,18%)and control (56,4 ± 5,58%). All treatments were different from control. The present results demonstrate the possible use of L. plantarum and bacterin as promoters in survival rates of L. vannamei post-larvae in the stress tests and challenges with Vibrio harveyi.